The lone gunman keeps law enforcement officers across the country awake at night.
He's hard to pick out of a crowd. He has no criminal record. Often, he hasn't told anyone about his plans. He's compiled a weapons cache legally. He doesn't show up on any law enforcement radar until after he's acted.
The government has been more successful stopping al-Qaida from pulling off another Sept. 11-type attack than it has in preventing deadly shooting sprees such as the one in the movie theater in Aurora, Colo.
Law enforcement officials say it's nearly impossible to stop someone like James Holmes, the intelligent 24-year-old who, officials believe, killed 12 people and injured dozens of others.
The threat of the lone offender has become such a concern that the FBI in 2009 created a more than 25-member task force to identify common behavioral traits and characteristics. In 2012 alone, there have been 22 mass shootings, according to the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence.
To stop al-Qaida, the government attacked terrorist hideouts, froze major sources of terrorists' funding and made it more difficult for them to acquire weapons and materials to build bombs.
Holmes does not appear to be part of any terrorist or criminal network; officials say his purchases were legitimate and raised no red flags. Until Friday, he did nothing to bring him to the attention of law enforcement.
AP
This photo provided by the University of Colorado shows James Holmes. University spokeswoman Jacque Montgomery says 24-year-old Holmes, who police say is the suspect in a mass shooting at a Colorado movie theater, was studying neuroscience in a Ph.D. program at the University of Colorado-Denver graduate school. Holmes is suspected of shooting into a crowd at a movie theater killing at least 12 people and injuring dozens more, authorities said. (AP Photo/University of Colorado)
Close "There's no way you can prevent it. There's absolutely no way," said Peter Ahearn, a former FBI agent. "It was random. It happened. There was nothing that could have prevented that unless someone saw him loading his car with guns."
The Department of Homeland Security runs a nation-wide "If You See Something, Say Something" campaign. Ads encouraging people to report suspicious activity are displayed around the country, including in some movie theaters, the department said.
Even so, Holmes arrived at the theater dressed in black, outfitted in a gas mask, ballistic helmet, vest and leggings, black tactical gloves and protectors on his throat and groin. He was armed with an assault-style rifle, a shotgun and Glock handgun.
So far, law enforcement has not determined a motive for the attack, and no one has come forward to say they saw Holmes doing something suspicious. People have described him as clean-cut, studious and quiet. A man who had a drink with him just days before his deadly rampage said Holmes had a backpack and geeky glasses.
Holmes broke no laws when he purchased his weapons, and he passed the required background checks.
Previously enacted legal restrictions on guns might have made it more difficult for Holmes to buy certain weapons and kill so many people, but he still would have been able to purchase a gun.
In 1994, Congress approved a 10-year ban on 19 types of military-style assault weapons. This ban would have prevented Holmes from purchasing one of the four firearms police found on him and in his car â€" the assault rifle. The ban also would have prevented Holmes from buying new high capacity ammunition magazines so that he could fire off more shots before without having to reload.
But that law expired in 2004, and it's been more than a decade since gun control advocates had a realistic hope of getting the type of legislation they seek, despite predictions that each shocking outburst of violence would lead to action.
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